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After the fall of France, he traveled to Madrid, where he was subjected to a fanciful plan of the Nazis to remake him king and to use him against the established government in Britain. It would not make sense of the past.. It was at this point, before he could discuss the matter with his father, that George V died (January 20, 1936) and Edward was proclaimed king. In other words, no reasonable objection could have been taken if the King had decided that his exclusion from the lineal succession excluded him from the right to this title as conferred by the existing Letters Patent. Henry VIII. [26] He wrote to his mistress of the time that "[he had] told [her] all about that little brother, and how he was an epileptic. The Love Story of King Charles III and Queen Camilla. Share this article: Facebook Twitter (Winston Churchill, then out of power, was his only notable ally.) [105], In July 1940, Edward was appointed governor of the Bahamas. Edward VIII, also called (from 1936) Prince Edward, duke of Windsor, in full Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, (born June 23, 1894, Richmond, Surrey, Englanddied May 28, 1972, Paris, France), prince of Wales (191136) and king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from January 20 to December 10, 1936, when he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson of the United States. Edward was never crowned; his reign lasted only 325 days. A week later, the Princess Royal died, and they attended her memorial service. The feud is of a more personal nature, and therefore all the more heartbreaking. As Sovereign, he bore the royal arms undifferenced. [a] Edward was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour and the first English monarch to be raised as a Protestant. According to Bradford, Edward began to harass the new king on the telephone, harping on money matters and Walliss lack of an HRH. His body was returned to Britain, lying in state at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. Accordingly, George VI's elder daughter, Princess Elizabeth, became heir presumptive. [24], Edward's youngest brother, Prince John, died at the age of 13 on 18 January 1919 after a severe epileptic seizure. [55] Only a handful of test coins were struck before the abdication, and all are very rare. If she were to receive an HRH now, there is no reason why she should not have become Queen in 1937. [109] Edward was praised for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands, although he was as contemptuous of the Bahamians as he was of most non-white peoples of the Empire. He was introduced to Parisian courtesan Marguerite Alibert, with whom he became infatuated. [140] He declined an invitation from Elizabeth II to attend the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales, in 1969, replying that Charles would not want his "aged great-uncle" there. I speak simply as a soldier of the Last War whose most earnest prayer it is that such cruel and destructive madness shall never again overtake mankind. Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 - 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. [13] Edward took the examination to enter the Royal Naval College, Osborne, and began there in 1907. Parents: George V and Mary of Teck. But there was one problemWallis Simpson. Edward VIII His comment during a tour of depressed villages in South Wales that "something must be done"[13] for the unemployed coal miners was seen as an attempt to guide government policy, though he had not proposed any remedy or change in policy. He was always known in his family as David, one of many middle names. Who succeeded George V? January 20, 1936: Edward Takes the Throne On January 16, 1936, the Prince of Wales received word from Queen Mary that his father was not in great health. Henry's desperation for a son had led him to divorce two wives, but Edward's mother, Henry's . Edward enjoyed life as a prince but dreaded becoming king. During one trip to Fort Belvedere, Elizabeth was appalled when Simpson broke protocol and welcomed them, instead of deferring to the king. According to biographer Sarah Bradford, Edward kissed the hand of his younger brother Bertienow King George VI. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. [103] Lord Caldecote wrote a warning to Winston Churchill, who by this point was prime minister, that "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue. The second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and nicknamed "Bertie", Edward was related to royalty throughout Europe. According to Bradford, Bertie would later recall that he really went for David., Despite the constant undermining, Edward naturally assumed the role of leader over his five younger siblings, acting, according to Reginald Brett, Lord Esher, as a sort of head nurse.. On January 20, 1936, King George V died on his Sandringham Estate. A little too late for their mothers. [106] They left Bermuda for Nassau on the Canadian National Steamship Company vessel Lady Somers on 15 August, arriving two days later. There were ice-skating excursions, cocktail hours, and swimming parties. He was king for less. Their relationship caused a constitutional crisis that ultimately led to Edward's abdication. Two brothersone a former king, one the new kingtook leave of each other and the roles they had assumed their entire lives. The abdication that led to Queen Elizabeth IIs historic reign began as a seismic, monarchy-threatening event, one that informs the royal familys behavior to this day. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. [58] It is now thought that McMahon had indeed been in contact with MI5, but the veracity of the remainder of his claims remains debatable. Its like comparing an ugly duckling with a cock pheasant, one acquaintance said, according to Bradford. There is no land whose people want war." In June 1937, Edward married Wallis Simpson and the couple were given the titles of duke and duchess of Windsor. The parallels with the current feud between Prince William and Prince Harry are striking. After the outbreak of war, Edward was appointed governor of the Bahamas. The rotund king desperately wanted a son, but it took 28 years, two daughters, and three wives to finally make it happen. [101] When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to Biarritz, then in June to Francoist Spain. Edward VII, in full Albert Edward, (born November 9, 1841, London, Englanddied May 6, 1910, London), king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from 1901, an immensely popular and affable sovereign and a leader of society. Before he became the heir, Edward wanted to join the Navy. The kingrefused to accept that Wallis could ever be given a royal title, and by extension ever admitted back into the royal family.. Edward VIII Cozies Up to Hitler (Episode 6: Vergangenheit) Edward VIII became King of England after the death of his father, George V. He ruled for less than a year, abdicating the throne in 1936 . [82] The French virtuoso organist and composer Marcel Dupr played at the wedding. "[66] The Prime Ministers of Australia (Joseph Lyons), Canada (Mackenzie King) and South Africa (J. Henry VIII (1491 - 1547) is perhaps the most famous of all kings of England. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Hes been so used to having everything done as he wishes. He was buried in the Royal Burial Ground behind the Royal Mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Frogmore. [21] He had joined the Grenadier Guards in June 1914, and although Edward was willing to serve on the front lines, Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener refused to allow it, citing the immense harm that would occur if the heir apparent to the throne were captured by the enemy. Also known as: Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor. [137] In 1965, the Duke and Duchess returned to London. The Fort, as he always called it, gave him privacy and the sense of making a home that was entirely his own. George VI's decision to create Edward a royal duke ensured that he could neither stand for election to the British House of Commons nor speak on political subjects in the House of Lords.[79]. Although trained (190711) for the Royal Navy, he was commissioned in the armys Grenadier Guards after the outbreak of World War I (August 6, 1914) and served as a staff officer. 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The instrument of abdication was endorsed by Parliament on December 11, and on the same evening the former king spoke on a radio broadcast: I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King as I would wish to do without the help and support of the woman I love. All attempts to find a solution failed and so, on 10 December, Edward signed an instrument of abdication. When he reached Lisbon, Prime Minister Churchill offered him the governorship of The Bahamas, then a British colony in the West Indies, and he remained there for the duration of the war (194045). He also wrote an insensitive letter to his mother which has since been lost. [15], Edward automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay on 6 May 1910 when his father ascended the throne as George V on the death of Edward VII. The only British sovereign to abdicate voluntarily, Edward stepped down in 1936 to marry the American divorcee Wallis Simpson. "[30], Edward visited poverty-stricken areas of Britain,[31] and undertook 16 tours to various parts of the Empire between 1919 and 1935. Edward VIII (born Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, 23 June 1894 - 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom, from 20 January 1936 until 11 December 1936.He was born at White Lodge, Richmond Park in London.. Edward abdicated (resigned) from the throne, because he wanted to marry the American woman Wallis Simpson.Simpson had been married twice before. He married Simpson in France on 3 June 1937, after her second divorce became final. Additionally, such a marriage would have conflicted with Edward's status as titular head of the Church of England, which, at the time, disapproved of remarriage after divorce if a former spouse was still alive. By Elise Taylor January 12, 2020 The circumstances surrounding Prince Harry and King Edward VIII's royal status decisions were different. But what if Edward VIII hadn't abdicated? Bertie has more guts than the rest of his brothers put together, the late king had reportedly said. It was doomed by being somewhat hurriedly and forcibly put to the dominions and by the explosion of the whole matter in the press and Parliament on December 3. [32] He escaped unharmed when the train he was riding in during a tour of Australia was derailed outside Perth in 1920. With a reign of 326 days, Edward was one of the shortest-reigning British monarchs to date. "[124], At the end of the war, the couple returned to France and spent the remainder of their lives essentially in retirement as Edward never held another official role. The Duke and Duchess left Lisbon on 1 August aboard the American Export Lines steamship Excalibur, which was specially diverted from its usual direct course to New York City so that they could be dropped off at Bermuda on the 9th. [133], In 1955, the couple visited President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the White House. Edward knew the Baldwin government would resign if the marriage went ahead, which could have forced a general election and would have ruined his status as a politically neutral constitutional monarch. To say people were excited would be an understatement. After the war, his conduct began to give cause for concern; he engaged in a series of sexual affairs that worried both his father and then-British prime minister Stanley Baldwin. [111] He resigned from the post on 16 March 1945. [28], Throughout the 1920s, Edward, as Prince of Wales, represented his father at home and abroad on many occasions. Once his father ascended as King, however, those plans turned to dust. Their intention to marry and her status as a divorce caused a constitutional crisis that led to Edward's abdication . Even if Edward himself was not literally a Nazi, his associations with figures such as Charles Bedaux, Axel Wenner-Gren, and on one notorious occasion Hitler himself meant that he was regarded by his family and the country with suspicion and distrust.. The visit was much publicised by the German media. His mother was the eldest daughter of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge and Francis, Duke of Teck. When Queen Elizabeth was largely responsible for the continued refusal of the Royal Family to acknowledge Wallis in any form, this was met with vicious anger, Larman explains. For the next two years the duke and duchess lived mainly in France and visited various other European countries, including Germany (October 1937), where the duke was honoured by Nazi officials and had an interview with Adolf Hitler. Edward, now the Prince of Wales, was lionized as a photogenic, international sex symbol with a common touch. Everything changed with the arrival of the fascinating and fashionable Wallis Simpson. These tours, together with Edward's visits to areas of high unemployment and deprivation in Britain during the economic depression of the early 1930s, made Edward very popular. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-VIII, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of Edward VIII, The Canadian Encyclopedia - King Edward VIII, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Edward VIII, Edward VIII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He was not especially upset by it. Due to her status as a divorce, the new king, now head of the Anglican Church, was forbidden from marrying his beloved and making her queen. The broadcast was heard across the world by millions. Walking straight past Wallis and ignoring her attempted welcome, she saidas if to no one in particularI came to dine with the King. The Duke of York looked embarrassed and very nervousand the King [looked] rather startled., As 1936 progressed, it became apparent to his family that the king was miserable, restless, and seriously considering abdication. After the war and through the early 1920s, he undertook extensive goodwill tours of the British Empire, and, after an illness that his father suffered in 1928, the prince took an increasing interest in national affairs. On 18 May 1972, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Duke and Duchess of Windsor while on a state visit to France; she spoke with Edward for fifteen minutes, but only Wallis appeared with the royal party for a photocall as Edward was too ill.[142], On 28 May 1972, ten days after Elizabeth's visit, Edward died at his home in Paris. The revelation within the Marburg files that Edward had been associating with Nazis, quite possibly with treacherous intent, meant that any relationship between the two of them was impossible, Larman explains. If he had stayed, everything would have been different. Edward protested that he had been misquoted and misinterpreted. Whereas Harrys attitudes are clearly those of someone in deep pain who is lashing out against an uncaring and unfeeling establishment that he believes has rejected his wife, and by extension him., I think that the monarchy is heading towards a precipice when Elizabeth II dies, and it is all but a given that Charles will never be as popular a monarch as his mother, Larman says. Bradford writes in George VI: On one occasion the Prince of Wales had received a shipment of gramophone records from the United States. The line of succession's importance became highlighted in 1936 when King Edward VIII abdicated and the crown was passed to the next in line, King George VI, then Prince Albert, Duke of York. 57 languages Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools Wallis, Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Simpson; June 19, 1896 [a] - April 24, 1986), was an American socialite and wife of the former King Edward VIII. To revist this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. I think that there are many twists and reversals lying ahead in the future.. "[87], In October 1937, the Duke and Duchess visited Nazi Germany, against the advice of the British government, and met Adolf Hitler at his Berghof retreat in Bavaria. The Prince of Wales gained popularity due to his charm and charisma, and his fashion sense became a hallmark of the era. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A conscientious and dedicated man, he worked hard to adapt to the role into which he was suddenly thrown. [90] According to the Duke of Windsor, the experience of "the unending scenes of horror"[91] during the First World War led him to support appeasement. [38] In 1920, on his visit to Australia, he wrote of Indigenous Australians: "they are the most revolting form of living creatures I've ever seen!! Edward died of throat cancer on 28 May 1972 in Paris, and was buried near Windsor. [5], As was common practice with upper-class children of the time, Edward and his younger siblings were brought up by nannies rather than directly by their parents. I could always manage Bertie, the Duke of Windsor later wrote. In July they moved to Portugal, where they lived at first in the home of Ricardo Esprito Santo, a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [144] Frail, and suffering increasingly from dementia, Wallis died in 1986, and was buried alongside her husband. In November he opened Parliament and then toured distressed areas in South Wales. He was withdrawn from his naval course before his formal graduation, served as midshipman for three months aboard the battleship Hindustan, then immediately entered Magdalen College, Oxford, for which, in the opinion of his biographers, he was underprepared intellectually. Edward VI, (born October 12, 1537, London, Englanddied July 6, 1553, London), king of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553. King Charles Releases His Official Coronation Portrait. [14] Following two years at Osborne College, which he did not enjoy, Edward moved on to the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. Oursler conveyed its content to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a private meeting at the White House on 23 December 1940. Discussions of a morganatic marriage were pursued, but on December 2 Baldwin assured him that this was impracticable. [33], Edward's November 1921 visit to India came during the non-cooperation movement protests for Indian self-rule, and was marked by riots in Bombay. Edward insisted that he face left (as his father had done),[54] to show the parting in his hair. Omissions? Henry VIII, king of England for 36 years, was a leader of the Reformation. [40] Nothing came of it, and Victoria Louise married Edward's first cousin once removed Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, instead. He was king for less than a year. 1. The magazine asked if "she did not sometimes wonder how much truth there is in the story that he once said he would renounce his rights upon the death of George V which would make her nickname come true". On 4 April of that year President Richard Nixon invited them as guests of honour to a dinner at the White House with Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, Charles Lindbergh, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Arnold Palmer, George H. W. Bush, and Frank Borman. The last royal ceremony Edward attended was the funeral of Princess Marina in 1968. Later that year, the couple toured Nazi Germany, which fed rumours that he was a Nazi sympathiser. King Henry VIII. The former king, Edward, Duke of Windsor, was off with American divorce Wallis Simpson, the woman for whom he had abdicated his birthright. Edward's brother became George VI. The brothers endured abusive nannies and brutal tutors. "[26], In 1919, Edward agreed to be president of the organising committee for the proposed British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park, Middlesex. The issue remained unresolved until Edward's son George ascended the throne and became King George V. Death. Detailed Tree. [76] The Duke of York succeeded to the throne as George VI. Government ministers were reluctant to send confidential documents and state papers to Fort Belvedere, because it was clear that Edward was paying little attention to them, and it was feared that Simpson and other house guests might read them, improperly or inadvertently revealing government secrets. George also paid Edward for Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle, which were Edward's personal property, inherited from his father and thus did not automatically pass to George VI on his accession. [128] The French government also exempted him from paying income tax,[126][129] and the couple were able to buy goods duty-free through the British embassy and the military commissary. [20], When the First World War broke out in 1914, Edward had reached the minimum age for active service and was keen to participate. The following day, after broadcasting to the nation and the empire to explain his actions, he left for Europe. [89], The former Austrian ambassador, Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein, who was also a second cousin once removed and friend of George V, believed that Edward favoured German fascism as a bulwark against communism, and even that he initially favoured an alliance with Germany. [102] Under the code name Operation Willi, Nazi agents, principally Walter Schellenberg, plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal and return to Spain, kidnapping him if necessary. 2. [4] He was always known to his family and close friends by his last given name, David. Edward (called David), born in 1894, was blond and charismatic, while Bertie, born the next year, was quiet and awkward. As a young man, Edward served in the British Army during the First World War and undertook several overseas tours on behalf of his father. The strained and tense relationship between the brothers is a clear similarity, although the question of fault is a more complex one, says Larman. Corrections? [1], On the night of 11 December 1936, Edward, now reverted to the title and style of a prince, explained his decision to abdicate in a worldwide BBC radio broadcast. Edward's wealth had accumulated from the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall paid to him as Prince of Wales and ordinarily at the disposal of an incoming king. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. When it became apparent he could not marry Simpson and remain on the throne, he abdicated. He was the only British sovereign to voluntarily resign the crown. King Edward VIII. [93], In May 1939, Edward was commissioned by NBC to give a radio broadcast[94] (his first since abdicating) during a visit to the First World War battlefields of Verdun. [b] The name "Edward" was chosen in honour of Edward's late uncle Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, who was known within the family as "Eddy" (Edward being among his given names); "Albert" was included at the behest of Queen Victoria for her late husband Albert, Prince Consort; "Christian" was in honour of his great-grandfather King Christian IX of Denmark; and the last four names George, Andrew, Patrick and David came from, respectively, the patron saints of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The prime ministers of the United Kingdom and the Dominions opposed the marriage, arguing a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands was politically and socially unacceptable as a prospective queen consort. [22] Despite this, Edward witnessed trench warfare first-hand and visited the front line as often as he could, for which he was awarded the Military Cross in 1916. Bradford writes: It wasa deliberate and calculated display of power. According to one account the duchess recognized it as such. [125], Edward's allowance was supplemented by government favours and illegal currency trading. He said, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as king as I would wish to do without the help and support of the woman I love." The relationship between Edward and George was difficult from immediately after the abdication, due to the dual problems of Wallis never being granted her longed-for HRH title and through questions of money, says Larman. [120][121], After the war, Edward admitted in his memoirs that he admired the Germans, but he denied being pro-Nazi. The dynamic between the two of them [is] endlessly fascinatingthe betrayal, the attempts to behave in a civilized fashion on the rare post-abdication occasions that they saw each other, and of course, the influence that both mens wives had over their thinking, says biographer Alexander Larman, author of The Crown in Crisis: Countdown to the Abdication. The new king showed impatience with court protocol, and caused concern among politicians by his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions. Theres (some) historical truth in Shonda Rhimess tale of Britains first Black queen, and the mad king she fell for. Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 - 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year. [13][126][127] The City of Paris provided the Duke with a house at 4 route du Champ d'Entranement, on the Neuilly-sur-Seine side of the Bois de Boulogne, for a nominal rent. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Thank you, sir, for all your kindness to me, Edward said. From the start the two seemed born for their respective roles, the heir and the spare. Windsor, pp. Edward believed that he should be granted a pension from the royal family out of gratitude for his services, but he also lied about the extent of his own personal wealth.. In the early days of George VI's reign Edward telephoned daily, importuning for money and urging that Wallis be granted the style of Royal Highness, until the harassed king ordered that the calls not be put through. Naturally, we have to build up a position but how hard it is going to be with no signs of support from your familyone realizes now the impossibility of getting the marriage announced in the court circular and of the HRH. by Jessica Brain. He abdicated the throne in order to. In January 1936, George V died and Edward became king. "[110] He was praised, even by Dupuch, for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in 1942, even though he blamed the trouble on "mischief makers communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft". [68] Faced with this opposition, Edward at first responded that there were "not many people in Australia" and their opinion did not matter. I think that George, or Bertie as he was known, was relieved not to have been under the pressure that the Prince of Wales felt, he says. [131] The couple doted on the pug dogs they kept. On a visit to Germany in 1937, they had a controversial meeting with Adolf Hitler. She believed George VI had turned his brother into an outcast and that the duke should let the world know., I am so distressed over the way your brother has behaved from the first, she wrote her husband, according to Bradford. When his parents travelled the British Empire for almost nine months following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, young Edward and his siblings stayed in Britain with their grandparents, Queen Alexandra and King Edward VII, who showered their grandchildren with affection. After his abdication, he used the arms again differenced by a label of three points argent, but this time with the centre point bearing an imperial crown. Today, the monarchy is again being rocked by the painful split between Prince William and Prince Harry. Born in 1894 as the oldest son of George, Duke of York, Edward became heir to the throne when his father was crowned King George V in May . He said of tienne Dupuch, the editor of the Nassau Daily Tribune: "It must be remembered that Dupuch is more than half Negro, and due to the peculiar mentality of this Race, they seem unable to rise to prominence without losing their equilibrium. The king, overwhelmed by his new responsibilities and the worsening situation in Europe, finally declined to speak with his dominant older brother. Edward VI, (born October 12, 1537, London, Englanddied July 6, 1553, London), king of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553. By October it was becoming clear that the new king planned to marry Simpson, especially when divorce proceedings between the Simpsons were brought at Ipswich Assizes. [73] The document included these words: "declare my irrevocable determination to renounce the throne for myself and for my descendants and my desire that effect should be given to this instrument of abdication immediately". Updates? He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. All rights reserved. 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The outbreak of war, Edward said train he was always known his! A Protestant of external sites Simpson broke protocol and welcomed them, instead of deferring to the appropriate manual. The arrival of the Bahamas an ugly duckling with a reign of 326,. Had been misquoted and misinterpreted ugly duckling with a reign of 326 days, Edward down! Content of external sites until Edward & # x27 ; s abdication cancer on 28 May 1972 Paris! Eldest daughter of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge and Francis, Duke Windsor! Their relationship caused a constitutional crisis that ultimately led to Edward & # x27 ; t abdicated Edward said reason! Royal Household to ensure that Edward 's allowance was supplemented by government favours and illegal currency trading is of morganatic! ], in July 1940, Edward was appointed governor of the fascinating and fashionable Wallis Simpson a constitutional that! Monarch to be raised as a Prince but dreaded becoming king Queen Victoria and Prince Harry efforts made. 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