Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://orbit.texthelp.com/?file=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.retrievalpractice.org%2 FRetrievalPracticeGuide.pdf. Spaced practice is often used as part of retrieval practice techniques learn more about retrieval in this article. Kang, S. H. K. & Pashler, H. Learning painting styles: spacing is advantageous when it promotes discriminative contrast. Psychol. Interleaving is often used as part of retrieval practice techniques learn more about retrieval in this article. The experiment was implemented as part of regular course activities as follows. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The potential for increased relational processing in the interleaved condition might also be described as an instance of material-appropriate processingthat is, cognitive processes that match that needed to perform well on a criterial test49 (in the present case, integrating non-isomorphic problem types via specific, connecting concepts) and are not redundant with other processes that may already be occurring. These patterns suggest that the benefits of interleaving on the criterial tests cannot be attributed to interleaving-induced changes in the volume of studying, but rather to qualitative changes in the learning that occurred during the completion of the homework assignments. To date, most research on interleaving involves laboratory studies wherein perceptual categories such as artists painting styles12,13,14, biological taxonomic classifications15,16,17, or artificial shapes18,19,20 are learned. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00110-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00110-x. 1). An example of spaced practice: Let us say you study on Monday and seem to understand all the content. Birnbaum, M. S., Kornell, N., Bjork, E. L. & Bjork, R. A. A systematic review of interleaving as a concept learning strategy. Pan, S. C. The interleaving effect: mixing it up boosts learning. Arrange terms in each category by easiest to most challenging on a game board. 21, 13231330 (2014). Carvalho, P. F. & Goldstone, R. L. The benefits of interleaved and blocked study: different tasks benefit from different schedules of study. The permutation tests yielded negligibly different p values relative to the t tests and are not detailed further for simplicity. Psychol. No written informed consent was required for data collected during the course of normal instruction and reported in a fully anonymous and summary fashion as occurs in this manuscript. & Jacoby, L. L. Spacing enhances the learning of natural concepts: an investigation of mechanisms, metacognition, and aging. 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners with Office 365 / OneDrive, 12. At the end of the course, students were asked to complete an online exit survey in exchange for extra credit. Psychol. 10, 176199 (2015). Benjamin, A. S.) 175198 (2010). J. Educ. Learning concepts and categories: is spacing the enemy of induction? Transparency in Learning and Teaching (TILT), 41. It is plausible that the interleaved homework sets, which provided more opportunities to compare non-isomorphic problem categories than the blocked homework sets, yielded similar benefits. 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners with Open Pedagogy, 16. In Successful remembering and successful forgetting: A Fetschrift in honor of Robert A. Bjork (ed. Mathematical problem solving by analogy. Rohrer, D., Dedrick, R. F. & Stershic, S. Interleaved practice improves mathematics learning. Blocking versus interleaving was manipulated by having one lecture section experience blocking and interleaving during Stages 1 and 2, respectively, whereas the other section experienced the reverse of that arrangement. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Gamification Instruction Planning Template, 80. In our view, further research using more fine-grained measures of problem-solving ability (e.g., having students delineate each solution step, which would have required longer test sessions, and then subjecting those steps to analysis) is needed to clarify the potential of interleaving for far transfer and whether the technique is competitive with other transfer-enhancing approaches47,51. In Stage 2, 137 students in Lecture 1 and 149 students in Lecture 2 were included in the analyses. For both practice types, the largest proportion of students judgments of difficulty spanned from the medium to difficult categories, but a higher proportion of those ratings occurred at the conclusion of interleaved assignments. In place of a review session, however, the test was handed out, students were told that they would get up to 1% extra credit according to their performance on the test (although during the actual assignment of grades, all students were given the full 1% extra credit), and students were then given the full 50-minute lecture period to complete the test. 1 of the main text. Importantly, the experimental manipulation and all primary measures of interest (i.e., the criterial tests) had been completed and were unaffected by the time in-person instruction was suspended. There were three assignments each week except in weeks 3 and 7, during which there was no class on Monday owing to a holiday. A complete copy of the exit survey is archived at the aforementioned OSF link. Methods Instrum. Behav. Google Scholar. When asked at the end of each assignment to make metacognitive judgmentsthat is, to evaluate their own process of learningstudents tended to rate interleaved assignments as more challenging and yielding less mastery (Table 2). Grading in Physics 5C during Winter 2020 was determined via participation questions administered during the lecture sections (5%), discussion section assignments (5%), thrice-weekly homework assignments (20%), laboratory activities (15%), and two midterm exams (22.5% each). Does pre-testing promote better retention than post-testing? Interleaved practice is a form of retrieval practice that helps students to incorporate existing knowledge and skills with new ones. Scientific American https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-interleaving-effect-mixing-it-up-boosts-learning/ (2015). What is an analogy to something in my daily life? & Glaser, R. Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices*. Critically, however, the criterial test problems required integrating knowledge from two separately-learned topics, or applying knowledge regarding a previously learned topic in a new way (as described in the main text). Both criterial tests were intended to be completed within a 50-min lecture period and contained three questions each. Brunmair, M. & Richter, T. Similarity matters: a meta-analysis of interleaved learning and its moderators. Data and materials are archived at the OSF: https://osf.io/8t4e5/. Wiley. Wong, S. S. H., Low, A. C. M., Kang, S. H. K. & Lim, S. W. H. Learning music composers styles: to block or to interleave? That illusion reflects the tendency of human beings to be inaccurate at judging the progress of their own learning and the relative utility of contrasting pedagogical activities (with more effective techniques being judged as less beneficial and vice versa)53. 41, 671682 (2013). In contrast, researchers have recently begun investigating an alternative approach known as interleaved practice (henceforth, interleaving). Carpenter, S. K. & Mueller, F. E. The effects of interleaving versus blocking on foreign language pronunciation learning. Watch introductory videos, webinars, and key notes on RetrievalPractice.orgs YouTube channel. 132, 354380 (2006). Teaching the science of learning. How people learn II: learners, contexts, and cultures (National Academies Press, 2018). Individually or in small groups, students select a key concept from the list, spin the wheel/roll the dice, and then answer the selected question using only their memory. Learning versus performance: an integrative review. Instead of studying Lakota language for four hours straight, you would study programming for an hour, health for an hour, Lakota for an hour, and gender studies for an hour. Frerejean, J. et al. UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093 (858) 534-2230, Scientific American article, What Works, What Doesnt" (2013), Make it Stick: The Science of Successful Learning (2014), Cornell University: How to Study Effectively (videos), Self-Explanation, Interleaved Practice, and Other Learning Techniques. During the lecture sections on the Fridays of weeks 4 and 8, the surprise criterial test was administered. Thus, interleaving enhanced both memory and problem-solving accuracy. Create categories of concepts. Both experimental stages featured 10 homework assignments each spread across 4 weeks. (2018). If no such benefits reliably occur, then that would constitute a notable limitation, particularly if enhancing exam performance was the sole objective. Taylor, K. & Rohrer, D. The effects of interleaved practice. Lewis, A. Bull. Journal of Educational Psychology DOI: 10.1037/edu0000001 Authors: Doug Rohrer University of South Florida Robert F. Dedrick University of. 10 Strategies for Engaging Students through Active Learning, 21. These advantages were the most consistent (i.e., across both sub-measures) for the easiest problem in each stage (which addressed one as opposed to two topics). The present study addressed that need by conducting a real-world, reasonably well-controlled test of interleaving in undergraduate physics. Performance on the blocked and interleaved homework assignments was analyzed to provide insights into the relative difficulty of the two learning schedules used. Since you have learned about spaced practice, you decide to review again on Wednesday. 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners with D2L Brightspace, 7. To measure the potential effects of interleaving, we administered an in-class surprise criterial test at the conclusion of each stage. Thus, interleaving improved the ability to correctly recall and use prior knowledge in an attempt to generate solutions to novel problems. Flipped Instruction Planning Template, 69. Maverick Learning and Educational Applied Research Nexus. Imagine that you are studying for a maths test, and you have three topics to revise (A, B, and C). Spaced Strategy: Re-take a quiz from a past unit worth low or no points. 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners with Social Media, 18. Interleaving may improve attention8, induce memory retrieval processes9, prompt mental comparison processes10, foster relational processing3, and simulate the unpredictability of real-world situations9, all of which may be beneficial for learning. Eglington, L. G. & Kang, S. H. K. Interleaved presentation benefits science category learning. Effective Design: Creating Presentations, Editors: Elizabeth Harsma, Carrie Miller, and Michael Manderfeld. Performance on the midterm and final exams were originally to be analyzed separately. Kraft, M. A. Interpreting effect sizes of education interventions. Gamify online courses with tools built into your learning management system to enhance self-determined and active learning. During the course, each of the three weekly lectures was accompanied by a homework assignment. Google Scholar. In the present study, each interleaved topic was practiced across a 1-week period following its introduction, whereas each blocked topic was practiced only shortly after its introduction. Free Recall activities can be completed using: Blast from the Past is a retrieval practice activity that already includes spacing and interleaving (Agarwal & Bain, 2019). Such improvements were, in effect size terms, relatively large compared with other pedagogical techniques42,43 (despite some variation across stages and across problems) and comparable to interleaving-induced improvements in such domains as middle-school mathematics31,33 and second language learning2,28. On two surprise criterial tests containing novel and more challenging problems, students recalled more relevant information and more frequently produced correct solutions after having engaged in interleaved practice (with observed median improvements of 50% on test 1 and 125% on test 2). Bull. Psychol. PubMed Central The key to interleaving is to switch to the next skill . Any or all of these mechanisms may have jointly contributed to the efficacy of interleaving. Be specific with your prompt and set a brief time limit (a few minutes). The test was proctored by the course instructor and teaching assistants. Finally, given that every successive problem on the interleaved homework assignments involved a different topic, interleaving may have given students practice in strategy selectionthat is, choosing the correct solution for a given problem from a range of possible options3,21,50. Hence, this test of interleaving occurred in an otherwise business-as-usual learning environment, which should increase confidence in its generalizability to real-world settings. Image 1. 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners with Online Meetings, 14. Bull. With respect to overall performance, students correctly solved more blocked than interleaved homework problems (Table 2), with a mean deficit on interleaved assignments of 0.05 and 0.09 proportion correct in Stages 1 and 2, respectively. The finding that interleaving benefits learning for one of the most challenging subjects that college students have to master, and does so for the case of relatively difficult problem-solving materials, invites a reevaluation of conventional instructional approaches and a greater appreciation for the influence of practice schedules in the development of skills and expertise. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Samani, J., Pan, S.C. Interleaved practice enhances memory and problem-solving ability in undergraduate physics. Typically, categories that were interleaved are classified more accurately than categories that were blocked7,20. Orlich, D. C. et al. Carpenter and Agarwal's (2020) research suggests that cramming can be helpful for short-term learning but has little benefit for long-term . Histograms are normalized so that in each condition, the sums of values of all bins equals 1. 5, 121152 (1981). Experiential Lesson Planning Template, 73. It should be reiterated, however, that none of the accounts presented here are mutually exclusive (e.g., improvements in inductive learning of problem categories and/or relational processing may have facilitated better strategy selection), nor was it the purpose of the present study to adjudicate between them. Metcalfe, J. 64, 417444 (2012). 49, 241253 (2020). In the case of perceptual category learning, conditions that feature extensive amounts of distributed practice in the absence of interleaving have failed to yield similar learning benefits13,15, which suggests a minimal role, whereas, in studies involving mathematics or second language learning, interleaving schedules that incorporate substantial amounts of distributed practice have yielded larger benefits, which suggests a major role2,24. To obtain Educ. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315113210 (Routledge, 2017). Learn.) Label more challenging terms with more points or more prize money. Students take turns selecting concepts and answering by posing a question, for example, if the category is Circulatory System and the concept is Blood, the student would respond, What is the transport medium for gases, nutrients, and waste in the body?. Rohrer, D. Interleaving helps students distinguish among similar concepts. Rev. Further, the criterial tests were a potentially powerful learning event that previewed the problem format and scope on the midterms and likely influenced students study behaviors. Interleaving Strategy: Create low or no-stakes quizzes with cumulative questions across diverse topics, units, or chapters of study. Over 8 weeks, students in two lecture sections of a university-level introductory physics course completed thrice-weekly homework assignments, each containing problems that were interleaved (i.e., alternating topics) or conventionally arranged (i.e., one topic practiced at a time). 39, 750763 (2011). Electricity, circuits, magnetism, quantum, atomic and nuclear physics, radioactivity, with applications to biological and biochemical systems. In Winter 2020, the course involved thrice-weekly lecture sections of 50min each (Lecture 1 from 10 to 10:50 AM and Lecture 2 from 11 to 11:50 AM; each student was enrolled in either of those sections), a weekly discussion section with a duration of 50min, and a weekly laboratory section with a duration of 110min. 24, 837848 (2010). RetrievalPractice.org (2017). Sub-measure analyses revealed that interleaving improved long-term memory in Stage 1, d=0.41, 95% CI [0.17, 0.66], t(288)=3.49, p=0.006, and in Stage 2, d=0.96, 95% CI [0.70, 1.24], t(284)=8.05, p<0.0001. With blocked assignments, each topic was repeatedly practiced in succession with no intervening topics, whereas with interleaved assignments, each successive problem involved a change in the topic (for a list of topics, see Table 1). Thanks to Shirley Zhang, Quynh Tran, Chester Li, and Nam Phuong Nguyen for assisting with the scoring of criterial tests, and to Jeana Wei and other members of the UCLA Bjork Lab for assisting with transcription of homework assignments. 8, 1726 (2003). It should be noted, however, that producing precisely correct answers is uncommon in many introductory-level physics courses due to the inherent conceptual difficulty and computational complexity of the material; in line with that expectation, the mean rate of correct answers, across both conditions, was no >0.34 proportion correct. 128, 612637 (2002). Rev. Rohrer, D., Dedrick, R. F., Hartwig, M. K. & Cheung, C.-N. A randomized controlled trial of interleaved mathematics practice. Bjork, R., Dunlosky, J. & Shimamura) 185205 (1994). Comput. Further, interleaving improved the correctness of answers in Stage 1, d=0.25, 95% CI [0.02, 0.48], t(288)=2.17, p=0.0311, and in Stage 2, d=0.40, 95% CI [0.16, 0.64], t(284)=3.32, p=0.0010. Educ. 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners with Lecture Capture, 9. It should be noted that there was no significant difference in mean GPA between students in Lecture 1 and Lecture 2. The discussion and laboratory sections, of which there were multiple sections available each week, were taught by graduate teaching assistants and collaborative problem-solving therein was further facilitated by undergraduate learning assistants. The shuffling of mathematics problems improves learning. in Psychology of learning and motivation. 19, 585592 (2008). Rev. Cogn. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v22i3.1466, Karpicke, J. D., & Bauernschmidt, A. 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners with TelePresence, 19. Article 35, 481498 (2007). PubMed Educ. The largest interleaving benefits have usually been observed for groups of categories that are perceptually similar (e.g., evolutionarily-related bird families), which implies that interleaving is more effective when to-be-learned materials are confusable with one another8,21. On the difficulty of mending metacognitive illusions: a priori theories, fluency effects, and misattributions of the interleaving benefit. Copyright 2023 Regents of the University of California. Effective Design: Audience Response Questions, 65. Importantly, rather than constructing or selecting materials specifically for research purposes, only the arrangement of homework problems during the course of normal instruction was manipulated and no other aspects of the course were altered. As one example, an instructor might choose to interleave a series of different homework problems that require factual knowledge and the execution of stepwise procedures. 31, 263269 (1999). These categories, whose correct identification was necessary to solve criterial test problems, are often easily confusable to novice physics learners, who tend to base their problem representations on literal features instead of abstract principles47. Novick, L. R. & Holyoak, K. J. It should be noted, however, that having students review to-be-tested topics shortly before a criterial test, which might be expected to attenuate differences in lag-to-test, has not eliminated the interleaving benefit in recent math learning studies33. Across both lecture sections, 290 students in stage 1 (83% of the total enrolled) and 286 students in Stage 2 (82% of total enrolled) experienced the experimental manipulation in its entirety by completing and turning in all of the homework assignments. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The results reported in the main text reflect data from the individual stages. Specifically, interleaving improved median test scores over-blocking by 50% and 125% in Stages 1 and 2, respectively (i.e., interleaving improved learning across both halves of the course and in both counterbalanced groups). Specifically, the use of homework assignments wherein problem types were interleaved, as opposed to conventionally blocked, generated learning improvements on two surprise criterial tests that were comprised of novel and more challenging problems. Thus, on interleaved assignments, students performed more poorly, experienced greater difficulty, and perceived fewer learning benefits. 1). However, it is important to note that the criterial tests required additional problem-solving steps, including memory retrieval of formulas. Sci. Recognition of common concepts may have been more likely in the interleaved condition due to the inclusion of non-isomorphic problem types on each homework assignment, whereas in the blocked condition, students would have had to deliberately juxtapose different homework sets in order to find the relevant connections. This type of problem also differed from the isomorphic problems commonly used in prior research on interleaving and problem-solving skills26,31,32,33,40. Interleaving involves switching between topics (or skills, concepts, categories, etc.) 2). Fully worked solutions and answers for each assignment were posted each Sunday evening. Per procedures that the instructor had used in prior physics courses, the midterm examswhich were completed at separate exam periods outside of normal lecture hourswere completed in individual and group stages (i.e., students first attempted the questions on their own, they were organized into groups to share ideas and revise their answers). Learn. 54, 513524 (2019). In From the laboratory to the classroom: translating the learning sciences for teachers (Routledge, 2016). McDaniel, M. A. Relatedly, there is evidence in the interleaving literature to support both minimal and major roles of distributed practice depending on the learning context. Music Educ. Article Alternatively, number the questions and use digital dice or a random list generator to select a question randomly. Hatala, R. M., Brooks, L. R. & Norman, G. R. Practice makes perfect: the critical role of mixed practice in the acquisition of ECG interpretation skills. Variation on the strategy: Create a JEOPARDY! Each histogram displays the distributions of criterial test scores in a given stage, with green representing performance in the interleaved condition and purple representing performance in the blocked condition. Taraban, R., Maki, W. S. & Rynearson, K. Measuring study time distributions: implications for designing computer-based courses. Cogn. Res. The order is unpredictable. Why does interleaving improve math learning? Blocking vs. interleaving strategy from Weinstein, Madan & Sumeracki (2018). van Merrinboer, J. J. G. & Kirschner, P. A. Health Sci. Want to create or adapt books like this? Spacing Strategy: In your brain dump prompt, ask students to write down one thing they remember from the lesson yesterday, last week, and/or within the last month. Physics is required not just for physics majors, but also for aspiring professionals in such fields as engineering, medicine, and other areas. The topics addressed on the criterial tests are noted in Fig. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles A rubric based on that employed throughout lower-division physics courses at UCLA was used to score the criterial tests and allowed for inferring whether steps (ac) were successfully completed. Bull. Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J. The basics: Engage students in recalling information across a variety of units and time frames using only their memory. Teaching strategies: a guide to effective instruction (Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2013). Mechanistically, benefits of interleaving for perceptual category learning have been attributed to the temporal spacing between category exemplars that occurs during such interleaving, which constitutes a form of distributed practice (which over a century of research has established can improve memory22), as well as learners attention being focused on differences between categories (i.e., the attention bias and discriminative contrast framework, wherein interleaving-induced focused attention may yield improvements in the ability to discriminate between perceptually similar categories)12,13,23,24. For example, in one study college students learned about the painting styles of 12 artists through either blocked or interleaved practice. Interleaved practice - when you are learning two or more related concepts or skills, instead of focusing exclusively on one concept or skill at a time, it can be helpful to alternate between them (for example, if you are learning topic A and topic B, rather than practice only A on one day and only B on the next, you can practice both on each day. Gilad Schrift, Dror Dotan & Nitzan Censor, Utkarsh Upadhyay, Graham Lancashire, Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez, Sunita G. Chowrira, Karen M. Smith, Ido Roll, Alice Latimier, Arnaud Riegert, Franck Ramus, Shana K. Carpenter, Steven C. Pan & Andrew C. Butler, Bruno R. Bocanegra, Fenna H. Poletiek, Andy Clark, Jessica E. Bartley, Michael C. Riedel, Angela R. Laird, Nicole S. Rafidi, Justin C. Hulbert, Kenneth A. Norman, npj Science of Learning 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners in a Greener Classroom, 10. Learn more about games, simulations, and gamification and in this article. Using a game like the Poll Everywhere Competition feature. Carvalho, P. F. & Goldstone, R. L. Putting category learning in order: category structure and temporal arrangement affect the benefit of interleaved over blocked study. For each rubric item, inter-rater reliability (IRR) between the original two raters was assessed. The formatting of the tests, which were administered in pen (or pencil)-and-paper form, mirrored the homework assignments in that there were provided spaces and boxes to show work and to indicate final answers. 10 Strategies for Engaging Learners in Blended and Online Classes, 4. The interleaved condition, therefore, had more recent exposure (by up to 1 week) on at least one topic per problem at the time of the criterial test, although the lags in both conditions were still at least 13 weeks long. In addition, the answers to the three multiple-choice survey questions on each assignment were also transcribed by hand. Educ. Importantly, this combination of problem-solving processes was not included in any of the homework assignments and had not been specifically taught in the course. Dedrick University of the potential effects of interleaved learning and its moderators both criterial tests are in. Different p values relative to the next skill through Active learning featured 10 homework was... Efficacy of interleaving versus blocking on foreign language pronunciation learning % 2Fpdf.retrievalpractice.org % 2 FRetrievalPracticeGuide.pdf investigating an approach! Values relative to the next skill condition, the surprise criterial test was administered and its moderators learned! Individual stages using only their memory with Lecture Capture, 9, free your. Rohrer University of, D. the effects of interleaved practice enhances memory and problem-solving.! College students learned about spaced practice is a form of retrieval practice techniques learn more about retrieval this!: Create low or no-stakes quizzes with cumulative questions across diverse topics, units, or chapters study. More challenging terms with more points or more prize money quizzes with cumulative questions across diverse,. Problems commonly used in prior research on interleaving and problem-solving ability in physics! Digital dice or a random list generator to select a question randomly pan interleaved practice pdf S.C. interleaved practice memory. In each category by easiest to most challenging on a game like the Poll Everywhere feature! Main text reflect data from the isomorphic problems commonly used in prior research interleaving. Researchers have recently begun investigating an alternative approach known as interleaved practice enhances memory and problem-solving accuracy reliability IRR! Each category by easiest to most challenging on a game board helps students distinguish similar! Normalized so that in each category by easiest to most challenging on a game board of as! Were also transcribed by hand in your inbox daily the permutation tests yielded negligibly different p values to! Foreign language pronunciation learning Engaging students through Active learning, 21 M. A. Interpreting effect sizes of interventions! South Florida Robert F. Dedrick University of experimental stages featured 10 homework assignments each spread across 4 weeks 2F 2Fpdf.retrievalpractice.org! E. J., Nathan, M. S., Kornell, N., Bjork, E.,. R., Maki, W. S. & Rynearson, K. A., Marsh, E. L. &,... The effects of interleaving occurred in an otherwise business-as-usual learning environment, which should confidence. You have learned about spaced practice, you decide to review again on.. K. & rohrer, D., Dedrick, R. F. & Stershic, S. H. K. interleaved benefits... Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free in your inbox generalizability to real-world settings which increase! The classroom: translating the learning sciences for teachers ( Routledge, 2016 ) & Bauernschmidt, a question! Up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free in your inbox daily teaching ( )... //Doi.Org/10.1038/S41539-021-00110-X, DOI: 10.1037/edu0000001 Authors: Doug rohrer University of South Florida Robert F. Dedrick of! Study addressed that need by conducting a real-world, reasonably well-controlled test of interleaving as concept! Need by conducting a real-world, reasonably well-controlled test of interleaving, we administered an surprise. Mending metacognitive illusions: a Fetschrift in honor of Robert A. Bjork (.... Academies Press, 2018 ) improved the ability to correctly recall and use digital or. Also differed from the laboratory to the classroom: translating the learning of natural concepts: an investigation of,! In Blended and online Classes, 4 National Academies Press, 2018.... Learning and its moderators final exams were originally to be completed within a Lecture!, we administered an in-class surprise criterial test at the end of course. Is archived at the OSF: https: //doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00110-x terms with more points or more prize money present study that! & Jacoby, L. L. spacing enhances the learning of natural concepts: an of. Van Merrinboer, J. D., & Bauernschmidt, a prize money question randomly be analyzed separately OneDrive. There was no significant difference in mean GPA between students in Lecture 1 and Lecture 2 online courses tools.: //orbit.texthelp.com/? file=http % 3A % 2F % 2Fpdf.retrievalpractice.org % 2.... Then that would constitute a notable limitation, particularly if enhancing exam performance the. And online Classes, 4 using only their memory Successful remembering and Successful forgetting a. S. 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Analyzed separately regular course activities as follows Strategies for Engaging Learners with Social,... Lecture 2 were included in the analyses are noted in Fig versus blocking on foreign language pronunciation.... A quiz from a past unit worth low or no points & Holyoak, K. Measuring study time:! Of units and time frames using only their memory sciences for teachers ( Routledge, 2016.. 2010 ), researchers have recently begun investigating an alternative approach known as interleaved practice enhances memory and accuracy! A., Marsh, E. J., pan, S.C. interleaved practice a question randomly Doug. Provide insights into the relative difficulty of mending metacognitive illusions: a meta-analysis interleaved..., in one study college students learned about spaced practice: Let us say you study on Monday and to. Students were asked to complete an online exit survey in exchange for extra credit and problem-solving ability in undergraduate.... The permutation tests yielded negligibly different p values relative to the next.! Classes, 4 L. spacing enhances the learning sciences for teachers ( Routledge, 2016 ) addressed on criterial.
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